Gut–Liver Axis in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: the Impact of the Metagenome, End Products, and the Epithelial and Vascular Barriers

Abstract Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a systemic, dynamic, heterogeneous, and multiaxis entity, the pathogenesis of which still uncertain. The gut–liver axis regulated stabilized by complex network encompassing metabolic, immune, neuroendocrine cross-talk between gut, microbiota, liver. Changes in affect metabolism lipids carbohydrates hepatocytes, they impact balance inflammatory mediators cause metabolic deregulation, promoting NAFLD its progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Moreover, microbiota metabolites can play direct indirect roles gut barrier function fibrosis development. In this review, we will highlight findings from recent literature focusing on relation NAFLD. Finally, discuss technical issues, design bias, other limitations current knowledge context